Catecholamine-secreting cells use several reactions to convert tyrosine serially to L-DOPA and then to dopamine. Tyrosine is also ingested directly from dietary protein. Tyrosine is created from phenylalanine by hydroxylation by the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase. Release of the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla of the adrenal glands is part of the fight-or-flight response. Included among catecholamines are epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and dopamine. Catecholamines are water-soluble and are 50% bound to plasma proteins in circulation. Ĭatechol can be either a free molecule or a substituent of a larger molecule, where it represents a 1,2-dihydroxybenzene group.Ĭatecholamines are derived from the amino acid tyrosine, which is derived from dietary sources as well as synthesis from phenylalanine. A catecholamine ( / ˌ k æ t ə ˈ k oʊ l ə m iː n/ abbreviated CA) is a monoamine neurotransmitter, an organic compound that has a catechol ( benzene with two hydroxyl side groups next to each other) and a side-chain amine.
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